The role of Dutch civil engineering in modern port planning in Japan (1870s–1890s)

In the mid-nineteenth century, civil engineering and technological innovation began to play a major role in modernization westernization of Japan. From 1870s 1890s, Dutch engineers worked with Japanese practitioners on design ports, key starting point for urban development. This article explores port city planning by development practice following modern construction methods technology. It degree which water proposals that were associated foreign forces influenced engineering-inspired The examines three case studies planning: Nobiru, Mikuni Yokohama. shows comprehensive engineers, who combined management basins breakwaters development, only partially implemented because they not aligned natural technical conditions. Instead, professionals stripped context adopted fascine mattress technique imported steam dredging machines became elements maintenance function.